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Hiawatha (Amtrak train)

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Hiawatha
The Hiawatha at Glenview, October 2018
Overview
Service typeInter-city rail
LocaleIllinois/Wisconsin
PredecessorMilwaukee Road corridor trains
First serviceMay 1, 1971 (1971-05-01)
Current operator(s)Amtrak, in partnership with Illinois and Wisconsin Departments of Transportation
Annual ridership636,854 (FY23) Increase 26.9%[a][1]
Route
TerminiMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Chicago, Illinois
Stops5
Distance travelled86 miles (138 km)
Average journey time1 hour, 29 minutes
Service frequencySix round trips (Mon–Sat)
Five round trips (Sun)
Train number(s)329–332, 334–339, 341–344
On-board services
Class(es)Coach Class
Disabled accessAll cars, all stations
Catering facilitiesNone
Baggage facilitiesOverhead racks, checked baggage available at Chicago and Milwaukee (suspended)
Technical
Rolling stockSiemens Charger
Venture coaches
Horizon coaches
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed57 mph (92 km/h) (avg.)
79 mph (127 km/h) (top)
Route map
Map
Legend
Borealis, Empire Builder
86 mi
138 km
 Milwaukee
The Hop (streetcar)
78 mi
126 km
 Milwaukee Airport
Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport
63 mi
101 km
 Sturtevant
Wisconsin
Illinois
16 mi
26 km
 Glenview
Metra
0 mi
0 km
 Chicago
Metra
other Amtrak services
other Amtrak services
California Zephyr, Illinois
Zephyr, and Southwest Chief
Lincoln Service and Texas Eagle
City of New Orleans,
Illini and Saluki
Floridian, Lake Shore Limited
and Michigan Services
Cardinal
Handicapped/disabled access All stations are accessible
This diagram:
Amtrak Hiawatha

The Hiawatha (also called the Hiawatha Service), is an 86-mile (138 km) train route operated by Amtrak between Chicago, Illinois, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As of 2007, twelve to fourteen trains (six round-trips, five on Sunday) ran daily between Chicago and Milwaukee,[2] making intermediate stops in Glenview, Illinois; Sturtevant, Wisconsin; and Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport. The line is partially supported by funding from the state governments of Wisconsin and Illinois.[3] The line utilizes the CPKC Railway's C&M Subdivision and Metra's Milwaukee District North Line.

The service carried 636,854 passengers in fiscal year 2023, a 26.9% increase over FY2022.[4] It is Amtrak's sixth-busiest route, and the railroad's busiest line in the Midwest.[4] Revenue during FY2011 totaled $14,953,873, a 6.1% increase over FY2010.[4] Ridership per mile is also very high, exceeded only by the Northeast Regional and the Capitol Corridor. A one-way trip between Milwaukee and Chicago takes about 90 minutes. In the 1930s, the same trip took 75 minutes on the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad's Hiawatha.[5] In 2014, free Wi-Fi service was added to the Hiawatha.[6] The service is especially popular with fans attending games involving baseball's Brewers–Cubs rivalry using mass transit, with trains before and after games at either American Family Field or Wrigley Field often filled to capacity.[7][8]

The route is augmented by Amtrak Thruway routes connecting Green Bay, Appleton, Oshkosh, and Fond du Lac with Milwaukee and Madison, Janesville, and Rockford with Chicago.

On April 24, 2020, the Hiawatha was temporarily replaced by bus service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Partial service resumed in June 2020, and full service in May 2021.

History

[edit]

Milwaukee Road

[edit]
Main article: Hiawatha (train)
Hiawatha logo from the Milwaukee Road days.
An "Afternoon Hiawatha" depicted on a postcard (c. 1956-1963).

Historically, the Hiawathas were operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the "Milwaukee Road"), and initially traveled from Chicago to the Twin Cities. The first Hiawatha trains ran in 1935. By 1948, five routes carried the Hiawatha name: Chicago–Minneapolis; Chicago–Omaha; Chicago–Wausau–Minocqua; Chicago–Ontanogan; and Chicago-Minneapolis-Seattle.[citation needed]

The Hiawathas were among the world's fastest trains in the 1930s and 1940s, and these trains reached some of their peak speeds on this stretch, directly competing with trains from the Chicago and North Western Railway which ran on roughly parallel tracks. A 90-minute non-stop service between Chicago and Milwaukee was first introduced in the mid-1930s, and this later fell to 75 minutes for several years. A self-imposed 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) speed limit was routinely exceeded by locomotive engineers, until the Interstate Commerce Commission rules imposed a stricter limit of 90 mph (145 km/h) in the early 1950s. The train slowed to a schedule of 80 minutes, although an added stop in Glenview also contributed to a longer travel time. Ultimately, the speed limit fell to 79 mph (127 km/h) in 1968 because of signaling changes, and the scheduled duration went back to 90 minutes end-to-end.[9]

Amtrak

[edit]

Under Amtrak, which assumed control of most intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, the Hiawatha name survived in two forms. The first was a Chicago–Milwaukee–Minneapolis service, known simply as the Hiawatha. This would be renamed the Twin Cities Hiawatha, then extended to Seattle and renamed the North Coast Hiawatha. This service ended in 1979.[10]: 30–31, 73 

The second was a Chicago–Milwaukee corridor train known as the Hiawatha Service (as opposed to Hiawatha). Although Amtrak had retained Chicago–Milwaukee service during the transition, it did not name these trains until October 29, 1972. At this time both Hiawatha and Hiawatha Service could be found on the same timetable. On June 15, 1976, Amtrak introduced Turboliners to the route and the name Hiawatha Service left the timetable, not to return until 1989. The Chicago–Milwaukee trains were known simply as "Turboliners" (as were comparable trains on the Chicago–Detroit and Chicago – St. Louis corridors) until October 26, 1980, when Amtrak introduced individual names for each of the trains: The Badger, the LaSalle, the Nicollet, and the Radisson. This practice ended on October 29, 1989, when the name Hiawatha Service returned as an umbrella term for all Chicago–Milwaukee service.[11]

A resurfacing project on Interstate 94 led to a three-month trial of service west of Milwaukee to Watertown, Wisconsin beginning on April 13, 1998. Intermediate stops included Wauwatosa, Elm Grove, Pewaukee, and Oconomowoc. Amtrak extended four of the six daily Hiawathas over the route. The Canadian Pacific Railway, which owned the tracks through its American subsidiary Soo Line Railroad, estimated that the route would require between $15–33 million in capital investment before it could host the extended service permanently. Money was not forthcoming and service ended July 11. The three-month trial cost $1.4 million and carried 32,000 passengers.[12]: 184 [13][14]

Between 2000 and 2001, Amtrak considered extending one Hiawatha round-trip 70 miles (113 km) north from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Potential stops included Elm Grove, Brookfield, Slinger, and Lomira. Travel time would be nearly two hours. Amtrak hoped to attract mail and express business along the route as part of its Network Growth Strategy, similar to the short-lived Lake Country Limited. Amtrak abandoned the idea in September 2001.[15]

In 2005, another station opened on the line, the Milwaukee Airport Railroad Station at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport. The expansion was intended to facilitate travel to and from the airport, with shuttles running between the station and the main terminal. The new station also gave residents on the south side of Milwaukee easier access to the service, along with an alternative to the central station in downtown, which is now fully accessible after completion of the Marquette Interchange. The station was primarily funded and is maintained by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation.[citation needed]

It is proposed that the Hiawatha, along with the Empire Builder, would shift one stop north to North Glenview in Glenview, Illinois. This move would eliminate lengthy stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. This move would involve reconstruction of the North Glenview station to handle the additional traffic, and depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly, and Metra.[16]

The route is coextensive with the far southern leg of the Empire Builder, Amtrak's long-distance service from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest. The Empire Builder stops at Glenview and Milwaukee, but normally does so in both cases only to receive passengers northbound and discharge passengers southbound.

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

The Hiawatha was reduced to four daily round trips on March 19, 2020, and a single round trip two days later, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Empire Builder added stops at Sturtevant and Milwaukee Airport on the 21st, and temporarily allowed local travel between Chicago and Milwaukee.[17][18] That single round trip was suspended on April 24, 2020, and replaced with an Amtrak Thruway bus (an extension of the existing Green Bay–Milwaukee bus route) making the same stops.[19][20]

The Hiawatha returned on June 1, 2020, with a single round trip: a morning departure to Chicago and an evening return to Milwaukee. Three additional daily round trips and two additional weekend round trips returned on June 29. The Hiawatha had long run with a mix of reserved and unreserved seating, but Amtrak temporarily required reservations for passengers without multi-ride tickets in order to maintain social distancing. Amtrak also required facial coverings and stopped accepting cash.[21][22] The Empire Builder ceased making the additional stops on June 29.[23] On May 23, 2021, Hiawatha Service and the Milwaukee–Green Bay Thruway route returned to their full pre-pandemic schedules.[24][25]

In November 2023, Amtrak ceased offering monthly passes for the Hiawatha, instead selling 10-ride passes. The change significantly increased the cost for daily commuters.[26] In December 2023, Amtrak reinstated the monthly pass for riders at a higher cost than previous.[27]

In October 2024, the state was awarded a $72.8 million federal grant to build a freight bypass track through Muskego Yard in Milwaukee, which will reduce freight movements though the Milwaukee station. CPKC had agreed to allow an eighth Hiawatha round trip once the bypass was funded.[28]

Corridor names

[edit]

This table shows the names given to trains which operated over the Chicago-Milwaukee corridor under Amtrak. It excludes long-distance trains such as the Empire Builder and North Coast Hiawatha whose local stopping patterns were restricted. The Abraham Lincoln and Prairie State were Chicago-St. Louis services which Amtrak extended through Chicago to the north in the early 1970s.

1971-11-14 1972-10-29 1973-10-28 1975-11-30 1976-06-15 1980-10-26 1984-10-28 1985-04-28 1989-10-29 Present
Abraham Lincoln  
Prairie State  
  Hiawatha Service   Hiawatha Service
  Turboliner  
  LaSalle  
  Marquette  
  Nicollet  
  Radisson  
  Badger  
  Encore  

Ridership

[edit]
Traffic by Fiscal Year
Fiscal Year Ridership %± Ticket Revenue %± Ref.
2007 595,336 – $10,230,272 – [29]
2008 749,659 Increase025.92% $13,138,765 Increase028.43% [29]
2009 738,231 Decrease01.52% $13,300,511 Increase01.23% [29]
2010 783,060 Increase06.07% $14,092,803 Increase05.96% [30]
2011 819,493 Increase04.65% $14,953,873 Increase06.11% [30]
2012 838,355 Increase02.30% $15,963,261 Increase06.75% [31]
2013 778,469 Decrease07.14% $16,287,184 Increase02.03% [32][note 1]
2014 799,638 Increase02.72% $16,794,044 Increase03.10% [32]
2015 799,271 Decrease00.05%
2016 807,720 Increase01.06% [33]
2017 829,000 Increase02.63% [34]
2018 844,396 Increase01.86% [35]
2019 882,189 Increase04.48% [36]
2020 403,112 Decrease054.3% [37]
2021 241,639 Decrease040.1% [38]
2022 501,925 Increase0107.7% [39]
2023 636,854 Increase026.9% [40]

Due primarily to the route's popularity, its northern terminus, Milwaukee Intermodal Station, is Amtrak's 18th-busiest station nationwide and second-busiest in the Midwest.[41]

Notes:

  1. ^ The 2013 and subsequent numbers have been adjusted to account for multi-ride tickets.

Equipment

[edit]

Three trainsets are required to operate the service. The usual Hiawatha train sets are formed of one Siemens SC-44 locomotive on the southward end, an EMD F40PH derived "control car" on the northward end, and six Horizon Fleet 68-seat coaches. One car at the rear end in the direction of travel is designated a "quiet" car with limitations placed on cell phone usage and loud conversations. During winter months, an Amfleet coach is normally used on each end in lieu of a Horizon coach to serve as quiet cars.[citation needed]

On July 17, 2009, the State of Wisconsin announced it would purchase two new train sets from Spanish manufacturer Talgo in preparation for the enhanced-speed service that received funding in early 2010. However, Governor Scott Walker rejected the federal funding and cancelled the project. Talgo opened a manufacturing plant in Milwaukee to construct the trainsets for the Hiawatha, and the company hoped the plant would also build trains for future high-speed lines in the region.[42] The two sets built were stored in the former Talgo plant until May 2014, when Amtrak moved them to its maintenance facility near Indianapolis, Indiana. They will remain stored there pending their possible use on other Amtrak routes. The unpowered tilting trainsets are 14 cars long including a cab car, eleven coaches (five of which have restrooms), one bistro car, and one end car including a bicycle rack. The cars wear a red-and-white livery in homage to the University of Wisconsin. The trains would have initially been pulled by the same GE Genesis locomotives used at the time, which have a top speed of 110 mph (180 km/h).[43] In 2022, the two trainsets were sold to Nigeria for use on the Lagos Rail Mass Transit.[44]

In August 2019, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) awarded WisDOT up to $25.2 million to purchase six new coaches and three new cab cars for the route, allowing the replacement of the NPCUs.[45] The new equipment was expected to enter service in 2022,[46] but as of August 2023, reliability issues with the NPCUs combined with the new equipment not yet having been assigned to the route resulted in the suspension of checked baggage and trainside bicycle service.[47]

Proposed extensions

[edit]
Proposed Hiawatha expansion
Legend
Empire Builder
410 mi
660 km
 Saint Paul
Existing Borealis,
Empire Builder
Red Wing
371 mi
597 km
St. Croix River
MN
WI
Winona
308 mi
496 km
391 mi
629 km
 Hudson
Mississippi River
MN
WI
347 mi
558 km
 Menomonie
La Crosse
281 mi
452 km
323 mi
520 km
 Eau Claire
Tomah
240 mi
386 km
228 mi
367 km
 Camp Douglas
195 mi
314 km
 Wisconsin Dells
178 mi
286 km
 Portage
Madison
168 mi
270 km
150 mi
241 km
 Columbus
226 mi
364 km
 Green Bay
Watertown
131 mi
211 km
197 mi
317 km
 Appleton
Oconomowoc
118 mi
190 km
157 mi
253 km
 Oshkosh
139 mi
224 km
 Fond Du Lac
85 mi
137 km
 Milwaukee
The Hop (streetcar)
78 mi
126 km
 Milwaukee Airport
Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport
63 mi
101 km
 Sturtevant
WI
IL
Metra to Fox Lake
17 mi
27 km
 Glenview
Metra
0 mi
 Chicago
Metra
other Amtrak and
Metra services
Handicapped/disabled access All stations are accessible
This diagram:

In 2021, Amtrak proposed adding three new Hiawatha round trips by 2035. This would bring the total frequency between Chicago and Milwaukee to ten daily round trips. All trips would extend beyond Milwaukee, with four daily trains to Madison, three to Saint Paul, and three to Green Bay.[48] In December 2023, the FRA accepted the Hiawatha route into its Corridor Identification and Development Program. The move grants $500,000 toward studying additional frequency and prioritizes the corridor for future federal funding[49] under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act passed in November 2021.[50]

Madison

[edit]

In 2009, Wisconsin applied for funding from an $8 billion pool allocated for rail projects under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and the Chicago–Milwaukee–Madison–Minneapolis/St. Paul corridor was allocated $823 million.[51] $810 million of that was to support extending Amtrak services to Madison, which had not seen direct intercity service since 1971. Another $12 million would have been used to upgrade the line between Chicago and Milwaukee, and an additional $600,000 was granted to study future alignments to the Twin Cities.[52][53]

The Madison extension was initially planned to include stops in Brookfield, Oconomowoc, and Watertown,[51] but Oconomowoc and Brookfield were reluctant to move forward with station planning due to cost concerns. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) dropped Oconomowoc from the planned route in August 2010,[54] and Brookfield was waiting to see the outcome of elections in November before making a decision on whether to build a station.[55] The nearby cities of Hartland and Wauwatosa had expressed interest in hosting stations. The extension was expected to begin service by 2013.

The project became a political issue in the 2010 Wisconsin gubernatorial election. Republican candidate Scott Walker promised he would stop the project and return the money the state received if elected.[56]

At the end of October 2010, Wisconsin governor Jim Doyle and the federal government signed an agreement that bound the state to spend the federal funds granted to construct the route, regardless of the results of the 2010 gubernatorial election.[57] On November 4, two days after Scott Walker won the gubernatorial election, however, Doyle ordered work on the line to be temporarily halted,[58] and on November 9 said that he planned to leave the choice of whether or not to operate the train to Walker.[59] On December 9, 2010, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood announced that much of the $810 million that Wisconsin was supposed to get would be redistributed to other states, including California, Florida, and Washington.[60]

The Madison extension was included in the 2022 Amtrak Connects Us initiative, with the goal of establishing service by 2035.[61] An extension to Madison has been cited by the US Department of Transportation as “critical to operational viability of the Core Express corridor between Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul” and that it should be “included on any mainline route alignment.” As such the City of Madison has renewed work on establishing a location for a passenger rail terminal.[62]

Twin Cities

[edit]
Main article: Borealis (train)

There had long been proposals to extend one or more Hiawatha trips from Milwaukee to Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, which would double service frequency on the Twin Cities-Milwaukee-Chicago (TCMC) corridor.

A 2015 feasibility report by Amtrak looked at extending one round trip as a "second train" along the route of the Empire Builder through La Crosse. Annual ridership was forecast between 117,800 and 155,500 if the service ended at Saint Paul Union Depot, and higher if it extended to Target Field, Fridley, or St. Cloud.[63]

The total cost to extend one round trip to Saint Paul was placed at $53 million.[64] In May 2020, a $12.6 million federal grant was awarded to offset the first three years of operations. A $31.8 million grant followed in September 2020 for final design work and construction. Amtrak provided $5 million in matching funds, Wisconsin $6.2 million, and Minnesota promised $10 million.[65]

In its 2020-2035 expansion vision, Amtrak proposed extending three Hiawatha trips from Milwaukee to the Twin Cities. One would complement the Empire Builder, while two would take a new route with stops in Camp Douglas, Eau Claire, Menomonie, and Hudson. The Milwaukee–Saint Paul trip time is estimated at 6 hours 45 minutes.[66]

On May 21, 2024, Amtrak's new Borealis train offering one round-trip per day between Chicago and Minneapolis–Saint Paul was inaugurated. It complements the long-distance Empire Builder in providing additional frequency on the corridor.

Green Bay

[edit]

Amtrak has proposed extending three Hiawatha trips from Milwaukee to Green Bay by 2035, with stops in Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, and Appleton. The Milwaukee–Green Bay trip time is estimated at 2 hours 50 minutes.[67][68]

Station stops

[edit]
State Town/City Station Connections
Illinois Chicago Chicago Union Station
Glenview Glenview Amtrak Amtrak: Borealis, Empire Builder
Metra Metra: ■ Milwaukee District North Line
Pace (transit) Pace
Wisconsin Sturtevant Sturtevant Amtrak Amtrak: Borealis
Ryde Racine Ryde
Milwaukee Milwaukee Airport Amtrak Amtrak: Borealis
Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport Shuttle to Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport
Milwaukee Amtrak Amtrak: Borealis, Empire Builder
The Hop (streetcar) The Hop
Milwaukee County Transit System Milwaukee County Transit System
Bus interchange Intercity buses: Greyhound Lines Greyhound, Wisconsin Coach Lines, Jefferson Lines, Lamers Bus Lines, Indian Trails, Megabus (North America) Megabus

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Hiawatha Service
KML is from Wikidata
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Notes

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  1. ^ Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.
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